A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cardiovascular and Bone Health Care Utilization During Treatment With Thyroid Hormone

Context: Combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine (LT4 + LT3) and desiccated thyroid extract (DTE) make up >10% of new thyroid hormone (TH) prescriptions in the United States. Objective: To assess health care utilization related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and bone health (BH) events (atrial fibrillation [AF], heart failure [HF], myocardial infarction [MI], stroke, and osteoporosis/fractures [FX]) in participants taking LT4+LT3 or DTE surveyed in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey database. Materials and Methods: Multi-year cross-sectional analysis examining 5437 participants (≥18 years old) treated with LT4, LT4+LT3, or DTE between 2016 and 2020. Health care utilization was assessed through outpatient, emergency, and hospital visits for AF, HF, MI, stroke, FX, and a composite index. A weighted analysis provided national estimates of health care utilization parameters. Utilization was re-analyzed following propensity score-based matching to balance sociodemographic and clinical covariates between treatment groups. Additionally, provider type and specialty data were obtained from visits associated with TH prescriptions. Results: 5106 participants were treated with LT4 monotherapy, 252 with DTE, and 79 with LT4 + LT3. Prevalence of combined outpatient CVD and BH-related care utilization was lower among DTE/LT4+LT3 vs LT4 users (3.5% vs 7.7%; P =. 008). There were no differences in emergency/hospital events. After covariate balancing, CVD and BH-related care utilization was similar between groups in outpatient and emergency/hospital settings. LT3 and DTE made up 7.6% of all TH prescriptions. For visits associated with DTE prescriptions, nurse practitioners and alternative medicine professionals were more likely to be identified as the primary provider type. Conclusion: No significant differences in CVD- and BH-related health care utilization were identified between LT4 and DTE/LT4+LT3 users after covariate balancing. Non-MD providers were more likely to prescribe DTE.