@article{fb3ef62fbd0148d5b4f7678e3a8af0da,
title = "A cross-sectional study of avian influenza A virus in Myanmar live bird markets: Detection of a newly introduced H9N2?",
abstract = "Background: Zoonotic influenza surveillance in Myanmar is sparse, despite the risks of introduction of such viruses from neighboring countries that could impact the poultry industry and lead to spillover to humans. Methods: In July and August 2019, our multi-institutional partnership conducted a One Health-oriented, cross-sectional surveillance (weekly for 3 weeks) for influenza A and influenza D viruses at the three largest live bird markets in Yangon, Myanmar. Results: The 27 bioaerosols, 90 bird cage swabs, 90 bird oropharyngeals, and 90 human nasopharyngeal samples yielded molecular influenza A detections in 8 bioaerosols (30.0%), 16 bird cages (17.8%), 15 bird oropharyngeals (16.7%), and 1 human nasopharyngeal (1.1%) samples. No influenza D was detected. Seven of the influenza A virus detections were found to be subtype A/H9N2, and one human nasopharyngeal sample was found to be subtype A/H1pdm. Among all IAV-positive samples, three of the A/H9N2-positive samples yielded live viruses from egg culture and their whole genome sequences revealing they belonged to the G9/Y280 lineage of A/H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these A/H9N2 sequences clustered separately from A/H9N2 viruses that were previously detected in Myanmar, supporting the notion that A/H9N2 viruses similar to those seen in wider Southeast Asia may have been introduced to Myanmar on multiple occasions. Conclusions: These findings call for increased surveillance efforts in Myanmar to monitor for the introduction of novel influenza viruses in poultry, as well as possible reassortment and zoonotic virus transmission.",
keywords = "H9N2, influenza virus, live bird market, Myanmar, One Health",
author = "Borkenhagen, {Laura K.} and Aung, {Poe Poe} and Thura Htay and Thein, {Zaw Win} and Tin, {Ommar Swe} and Mon, {Thet Su} and Win Myint and Bailey, {Emily S.} and Wanninger, {Timothy G.} and Kandeil, {Ahmed M.} and Webby, {Richard J.} and Gray, {Gregory C.}",
note = "Funding Information: This project was supported by a pilot grant from the Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, USA, and startup funding to GCG from both Duke University and the University of Texas Medical Branch. Thank you to Dr. Myaing Nyunt who served as co-PI of the pilot grant and David Walker and Trushar Jeevan for technical assistance. LKB is currently funded through the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's National Bio- and Agro-defense Facility Scientist Training Program. RJW and AMK are partly funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (under contract HHSN272201400006C and 75N93021C00016), and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC). We gratefully acknowledge all data contributors, that is, the authors and their originating laboratories responsible for obtaining the specimens and their submitting laboratories for generating the genetic sequence and metadata and sharing via the GISAID Initiative, on which this research is based. Funding Information: Funding for this study was acquired by Gregory C. Gray, Laura K. Borkenhagen, and Poe Poe Aung. This project was coordinated by Poe Poe Aung, Laura K. Borkenhagen, and Thet Su Mon. Sample collection was overseen by Thura Htay. Laboratory methodologies were optimized by Emily S. Bailey. Laboratory analyses were performed by Win Myint, Ommar Swe Tin, and Ahmed M. Kandeil. Zaw Win Thein was responsible for data management. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by Ahmed M. Kandeil. Laboratory and phylogenetic analyses at St. Jude were overseen by Richard J. Webby. The original draft of this work was generated by Timothy G. Wanninger and Laura K. Borkenhagen. The final draft was reviewed, edited, and approved by all authors. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",
year = "2023",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1111/irv.13111",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "17",
journal = "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses",
issn = "1750-2640",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "2",
}