Airway lipoxin A₄ generation and lipoxin A₄ receptor expression are decreased in severe asthma

Rationale: Airway inflammation is common in severe asthma despite antiinflammatory therapy with corticosteroids. Lipoxin A₄ (LXA ₄) is an arachidonic acid-derived mediator that serves as an agonist for resolution of inflammation. Objectives: Airway levels of LXA₄, as well as the expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes and receptors, in severe asthma. Methods: Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were obtained from subjects with asthma and levels of LXA₄ and related eicosanoids were measured. Expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes was determined in whole blood, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, and endobronchial biopsies by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and leukocyte LXA₄ receptors were monitored by flow cytometry. Measurements and Main Results: Individuals with severe asthma had significantly less LXA₄ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (11.2 ± 2.1 pg/ml) than did subjects with nonsevere asthma (150.1 ± 38.5 pg/ml; P < 0.05). In contrast, levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes were increased in both asthma cohorts compared with healthy individuals. In severe asthma, 15-lipoxygenase-1 mean expression was decreased fivefold in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In contrast, 15-lipoxgenase-1 was increased threefold in endobronchial biopsies, but expression of both 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase-2 in these samples was decreased. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was decreased in all anatomic compartments sampled in severe asthma. Moreover, LXA₄ receptor gene and protein expression were significantly decreased in severe asthma peripheral blood granulocytes. Conclusions: Mechanisms underlying pathological airway responses in severe asthma include lipoxin underproduction with decreased expression of lipoxin biosynthetic enzymesand receptors. Together, these results indicate that severe asthma is characterized, in part, by defective lipoxin counterregulatory signaling circuits.