TY - JOUR
T1 - Combinations and loads of bacteria affect the cytokine production by fetal membranes
T2 - An in vitro study
AU - Noda-Nicolau, Nathalia Mayumi
AU - Polettini, Jossimara
AU - Peltier, Morgan R.
AU - da Silva, Márcia Guimarães
AU - Menon, Ramkumar
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by developmental funds granted to Dr. Ramkumar Menon from the Department of Ob/Gyn at The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB); by São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP, (Grant 2012/17234-1) granted to Dr. Márcia Guimarães da Silva from the Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; and by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, CAPES, (BEX 3511/13-8) granted to Nathália Mayumi Noda Nicolau, PhD student of Postgraduation Program in Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, who performed her training at UTMB.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
PY - 2016/12/1
Y1 - 2016/12/1
N2 - Problem: The polybacterial invasion and inflammation of the amniotic cavity is a common scenario in PTB, and then, we analyzed the cytokine production by human fetal membranes to better understand the host response to polybacterial infections. Method of study: Fetal membranes were treated by heat-inactivated genital mycoplasmas and Gardnerella vaginalis at 103 or 106 colony/color-forming units/mL alone or in combination. Cytokines/receptors were measured in the medium by immunoassays. Results: Stimulation of genital mycoplasmas did not increase the proinflammatory cytokines, except Ureaplasma urealyticum that increased IL-8 levels. However, U. urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis significantly increased IL-10 and IL-13 levels. G. vaginalis alone or in combination with genital mycoplasmas showed an increased proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: G. vaginalis sustain a proinflammatory response in the fetal membranes in vitro, while genital mycoplasmas induce a strong control of the inflammatory response. The ability of genital mycoplasmas to control the proinflammatory response may favor their survival in the upper genital tract.
AB - Problem: The polybacterial invasion and inflammation of the amniotic cavity is a common scenario in PTB, and then, we analyzed the cytokine production by human fetal membranes to better understand the host response to polybacterial infections. Method of study: Fetal membranes were treated by heat-inactivated genital mycoplasmas and Gardnerella vaginalis at 103 or 106 colony/color-forming units/mL alone or in combination. Cytokines/receptors were measured in the medium by immunoassays. Results: Stimulation of genital mycoplasmas did not increase the proinflammatory cytokines, except Ureaplasma urealyticum that increased IL-8 levels. However, U. urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis significantly increased IL-10 and IL-13 levels. G. vaginalis alone or in combination with genital mycoplasmas showed an increased proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: G. vaginalis sustain a proinflammatory response in the fetal membranes in vitro, while genital mycoplasmas induce a strong control of the inflammatory response. The ability of genital mycoplasmas to control the proinflammatory response may favor their survival in the upper genital tract.
KW - Gardnerella vaginalis
KW - genital mycoplasmas
KW - polybacterial infection
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U2 - 10.1111/aji.12596
DO - 10.1111/aji.12596
M3 - Article
C2 - 27870156
AN - SCOPUS:84994823935
SN - 1046-7408
VL - 76
SP - 504
EP - 511
JO - American Journal of Reproductive Immunology
JF - American Journal of Reproductive Immunology
IS - 6
ER -