Community-based One Health surveillance enables rapid detection and genomic characterization of H5N1 with public health response

Objectives: Given recent declines in federal funding, a community-based surveillance system for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses was initiated in Galveston County, Texas. Methods: Between November and December 2025, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected from wild and domestic birds reported as dead or dying by county residents. Specimens were studied with molecular assays, Sanger sequencing, virus isolation, and next-generation sequencing. Results: Molecular evidence of HPAI H5N1 was detected in seven of 10 (70%) birds, and the virus was successfully cultured in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Next-generation sequencing identified the strains as belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, consistent with genotype D1.1. Community members exposed to HPAI were offered antiviral prophylaxis. No human infections were identified. Conclusions: This citizen-triggered, early warning surveillance system provided rapid HPAI virus detection and characterization as well as quick public health interventions. Such surveillance might be replicated nationally along migratory bird flyways to better protect the United States.