TY - JOUR
T1 - Competing mortality risk from second primary malignancy in bladder cancer patients following radical cystectomy
T2 - Implications for survivorship
AU - Hensley, Patrick J.
AU - Duan, Zhigang
AU - Bree, Kelly
AU - Sood, Akshay
AU - Zhao, Hui
AU - Lobo, Niyati
AU - Contieri, Roberto
AU - Campbell, Matthew T.
AU - Guo, Charles C.
AU - Navai, Neema
AU - Williams, Stephen B.
AU - Dinney, Colin P.
AU - Kamat, Ashish M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - Introduction: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) often occurs in patients with competing mortality risks, while also being associated with the highest rate of second primary nonurothelial cancers (SNUC) of all solid malignancies. We investigated the incidence, risk factors, and timing of SNUC as a competing mortality risk factor in patients with BC who were treated with curative intent radical cystectomy (RC). Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study assessing patients who underwent RC for cT2-4 N0M0 BC from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2018 at a single, high volume tertiary care referral center. The Fine–Gray multivariable regression model was used to evaluate predictive factors for SNUC. Cumulative incidence of mortality (CIM) was estimated with modified Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: The median follow-up time for the 693 patients who underwent RC was 3.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.9–5.9 years). SNUC developed in 85 (12.3%) patients at a median 3.0 years post-RC (IQR 1.2–5.5 years). On multivariable analysis, the only significant predictor for developing SNUC was freedom from BC recurrence or metastasis (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.12–1.76, P = 0.019). The most common SNUCs were primary lung cancer (24, 3.2% of cohort) and colon cancer (9, 1.3% of cohort). BC surveillance imaging diagnosed SNUC in 35/52 (67.3%) patients with solid-organ visceral primaries. The overall mortality rate for any SNUC was 38.8%, with the 3 most lethal cancer types being pancreatic, lung, and colon (62.5%, 54.2%, and 44.4% mortality, respectively). The incidence of SNUC uniformly increased postoperatively, with a cumulative incidence of 22.1% (95% CI, 16.8–27.9%) at 12-years post-RC. 163 patients (23.5%) died from BC, 33 patients (4.8%) died from SNUC, and 94 patients (13.6%) died from other causes. While the CIM for BC plateaued around 5-years post-RC at 24%, the incidence of other-cause mortality uniformly rose throughout the postoperative period. By post-RC year 9 there was no significant difference in CIM between BC (CIM 27.2%, 95% CI, 23.5–31.1%) and other-causes (CIM 20.0%, 95% CI, 15.8–24.6%). Conclusions: The cumulative incidence of SNUC at 12-years post-RC was 22%, with the majority identified on BC surveillance imaging. While BC mortality plateaued around 5-years post-RC, mortality related to SNUC or other causes rose steadily in the postoperative period. These data have clinical significance with regards to patient counseling, survivorship and oncologic surveillance in the highly comorbid muscle-invasive BC population.
AB - Introduction: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) often occurs in patients with competing mortality risks, while also being associated with the highest rate of second primary nonurothelial cancers (SNUC) of all solid malignancies. We investigated the incidence, risk factors, and timing of SNUC as a competing mortality risk factor in patients with BC who were treated with curative intent radical cystectomy (RC). Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study assessing patients who underwent RC for cT2-4 N0M0 BC from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2018 at a single, high volume tertiary care referral center. The Fine–Gray multivariable regression model was used to evaluate predictive factors for SNUC. Cumulative incidence of mortality (CIM) was estimated with modified Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: The median follow-up time for the 693 patients who underwent RC was 3.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.9–5.9 years). SNUC developed in 85 (12.3%) patients at a median 3.0 years post-RC (IQR 1.2–5.5 years). On multivariable analysis, the only significant predictor for developing SNUC was freedom from BC recurrence or metastasis (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.12–1.76, P = 0.019). The most common SNUCs were primary lung cancer (24, 3.2% of cohort) and colon cancer (9, 1.3% of cohort). BC surveillance imaging diagnosed SNUC in 35/52 (67.3%) patients with solid-organ visceral primaries. The overall mortality rate for any SNUC was 38.8%, with the 3 most lethal cancer types being pancreatic, lung, and colon (62.5%, 54.2%, and 44.4% mortality, respectively). The incidence of SNUC uniformly increased postoperatively, with a cumulative incidence of 22.1% (95% CI, 16.8–27.9%) at 12-years post-RC. 163 patients (23.5%) died from BC, 33 patients (4.8%) died from SNUC, and 94 patients (13.6%) died from other causes. While the CIM for BC plateaued around 5-years post-RC at 24%, the incidence of other-cause mortality uniformly rose throughout the postoperative period. By post-RC year 9 there was no significant difference in CIM between BC (CIM 27.2%, 95% CI, 23.5–31.1%) and other-causes (CIM 20.0%, 95% CI, 15.8–24.6%). Conclusions: The cumulative incidence of SNUC at 12-years post-RC was 22%, with the majority identified on BC surveillance imaging. While BC mortality plateaued around 5-years post-RC, mortality related to SNUC or other causes rose steadily in the postoperative period. These data have clinical significance with regards to patient counseling, survivorship and oncologic surveillance in the highly comorbid muscle-invasive BC population.
KW - Competing risk
KW - Mortality
KW - Muscle-invasive bladder cancer
KW - Radical cystectomy
KW - Secondary malignancy
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U2 - 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.10.015
DO - 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.10.015
M3 - Article
C2 - 36404232
AN - SCOPUS:85142478483
SN - 1078-1439
VL - 41
SP - 108.e11-108.e17
JO - Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
JF - Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
IS - 2
ER -