TY - JOUR
T1 - Cytokine release syndrome
T2 - inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines as a solution for reducing COVID-19 mortality
AU - Moradian, Negar
AU - Gouravani, Mahdi
AU - Salehi, Mohammad Amin
AU - Heidari, Arash
AU - Shafeghat, Melika
AU - Hamblin, Michael R.
AU - Rezaei, Nima
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, JLE/Springer.
PY - 2020/9
Y1 - 2020/9
N2 - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reached pandemic proportions at the beginning of 2020 and continues to be a worldwide concern. End organ damage and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the leading causes of death in severely or critically ill patients. The elevated cytokine levels in severe patients in comparison with mildly affected patients suggest that cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurs in the severe form of the disease. In this paper, the significant role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, and their mechanism of action in the CRS cascade is explained. Potential therapeutic approaches involving anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-alpha antibodies to fight COVID-19 and reduce mortality rate in severe cases are also discussed.
AB - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reached pandemic proportions at the beginning of 2020 and continues to be a worldwide concern. End organ damage and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the leading causes of death in severely or critically ill patients. The elevated cytokine levels in severe patients in comparison with mildly affected patients suggest that cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurs in the severe form of the disease. In this paper, the significant role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, and their mechanism of action in the CRS cascade is explained. Potential therapeutic approaches involving anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-alpha antibodies to fight COVID-19 and reduce mortality rate in severe cases are also discussed.
KW - COVID-19
KW - Corona virus
KW - cytokine release syndrome
KW - treatment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098957777&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85098957777&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1684/ecn.2020.0451
DO - 10.1684/ecn.2020.0451
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33361013
AN - SCOPUS:85098957777
SN - 1148-5493
VL - 31
SP - 81
EP - 93
JO - European Cytokine Network
JF - European Cytokine Network
IS - 3
ER -