Cytokine trajectory over time in men and women with HIV on long-term ART

Christophe Vanpouille, Alan Wells, Victor Degruttola, Miranda Lynch, Xinlian Zhang, Wendy Fitzgerald, Xin Tu, Antoine Chaillon, Alan Landay, Kathleen Weber, Eileen Scully, Jonathan Karn, Sara Gianella

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Objective:Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication and reduces inflammation, it does not lead to the normalization of cytokines. The long-term effects of ART beyond viral suppression have not been studied and are mostly limited to cross-sectional research.Design:The impact of long-term ART on the trajectory of 40cytokines/chemokines in 31 men and 59 women who maintained viral suppression over a median period of 6years (317 visits ranging 24 to 384weeks post ART initiation) were measured by Luminex.Methods:We used a generalized additive model with a Gaussian distribution and identity link function to model concentrations over time and investigate sex and race differences.Results:While most cytokine/chemokine trajectories remained stable, the trajectory of 9 markers of monocyte/macrophage activation (IP-10, I-TAC, MIG, sCD163, sCD14, MCP-1, MIP-3β, CXCL13, TNF-α) decreased over time (adj. p<0.05). Despite continuous viral suppression, M-CSF, IL-15, and LBP increased over time (adj. p<0.05). sCD14 was the only cytokine whose trajectory differed by sex (adj. p=0.033). Overall, women had lower mean levels of IL-18 but higher levels of sCD14 than did men (adj. p<0.05). GROα, LBP and sCD14 showed significant differences between races (adj. p<0.05). No association between cytokines and cellular HIV DNA/RNA was found.Conclusions:Our study reveals a continuous decline in markers of monocyte/macrophage activation over six years of suppressive ART, indicating that long-term treatment may mitigate inflammaging and cardiovascular-related outcomes. The higher levels of sCD14 observed in women are consistent with them having greater innate immune activation than men do.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number10.1097/QAD.0000000000004033
JournalAIDS
DOIs
StateAccepted/In press - 2024
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • ART
  • cytokine
  • HIV
  • macrophage
  • monocyte
  • plasma

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Immunology and Allergy
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

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