@article{0b966dbf0aa344e9818c10c80e6721c4,
title = "Ebola virus disease",
abstract = "Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). EVD outbreaks typically start from a single case of probable zoonotic transmission, followed by human-to-human transmission via direct contact or contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated fomites. EVD has a high case–fatality rate; it is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Diagnosis requires a combination of case definition and laboratory tests, typically real-time reverse transcription PCR to detect viral RNA or rapid diagnostic tests based on immunoassays to detect EBOV antigens. Recent advances in medical countermeasure research resulted in the recent approval of an EBOV-targeted vaccine by European and US regulatory agencies. The results of a randomized clinical trial of investigational therapeutics for EVD demonstrated survival benefits from two monoclonal antibody products targeting the EBOV membrane glycoprotein. New observations emerging from the unprecedented 2013–2016 Western African EVD outbreak (the largest in history) and the ongoing EVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have substantially improved the understanding of EVD and viral persistence in survivors of EVD, resulting in new strategies toward prevention of infection and optimization of clinical management, acute illness outcomes and attendance to the clinical care needs of patients.",
author = "Jacob, {Shevin T.} and Ian Crozier and Fischer, {William A.} and Angela Hewlett and Kraft, {Colleen S.} and Vega, {Marc Antoine de La} and Soka, {Moses J.} and Victoria Wahl and Anthony Griffiths and Laura Bollinger and Kuhn, {Jens H.}",
note = "Funding Information: 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. 2Global Health Security Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. 3Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA. 4Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 5Nebraska Biocontainment Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. 6Microbiology Section, Emory Medical Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. 7Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Universit{\'e} Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada. 8Partnership for Ebola Virus Disease Research in Liberia, Monrovia Medical Units ELWA-2 Hospital, Monrovia, Liberia. 9National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA. 10Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. 11Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA. Funding Information: The authors thank J. Wada and J. Bernbaum (NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA) for critically editing the manuscript and helping with creating Figs 1c, 1d, 2 and 4a. This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute{\textquoteright}s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under contract no. HHSN272200700016I (to J.H.K.) and with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under contract no. HHSN261200800001E to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by NCI. This work was also funded in part under contract no. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate for the management and operation of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), a federally funded research and development centre (to V.W.). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, Springer Nature Limited.",
year = "2020",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/s41572-020-0147-3",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "6",
journal = "Nature Reviews Disease Primers",
issn = "2056-676X",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}