TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of hypothyroidism on brown adipose tissue adenylyl cyclase activity
AU - Carvalho, Suzy D.
AU - Bianco, Antonio C.
AU - Silva, J. Enrique
PY - 1996
Y1 - 1996
N2 - Hypothyroidism profoundly reduces the capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to generate cAMP in response to adrenergic stimulation. Evidence obtained with isolated brown adipocytes suggests a postreceptor defect that offsets the hypothyroidism-induced increase in β3-adrenergic receptors. The goal of the present studies was to identify the defect in the cAMP generation pathway for which we studied cAMP generation in isolated cells and purified BAT membranes from normal and hypothyroid rats. Studies with adenosine deaminase and the adenosine receptor-1 agonist r-phenyl isopropyl adenosine (R-PIA) show that hypothyroid cells are not more sensitive to adenosine (same EC50) but more inhibited by high concentrations of R-PIA. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin reduced the gap in cAMP generation between eu- and hypothyroid cells and the inhibition mediated by R-PIA, but did not normalize the cAMP response to forskolin in hypothyroid cells. Although purified euthyroid BAT membranes increased cAMP production with GTP concentrations up to submillimolar range, to plateau or slightly decrease at higher levels, hypothyroid membranes were weakly stimulated by low concentrations of GTP and markedly inhibited (>50%) at concentrations ≤10-4 M. When assayed at 0.3 mM ATP and 1 μM GTP, hypothyroid membranes actually generated more cAMP in response to forskolin, but this was reversed when GTP concentration was 1 nM. Immunoblotting studies showed no significant effects of hypothyroidism on the abundance of G(α)i or G(β) subunits, and ADP ribosylation of G(α)i was only 45% increased in hypothyroidism in contrast to a 2.5-fold increase in hypothyroid white adipose tissue membranes from the same rats. Hypothyroid membranes also exhibited different kinetics regarding ATP, with higher cAMP generation at submillimolar concentrations but less at >1 mM ATP. Actually, at ATP concentrations >9.6 mM, cAMP generation was markedly inhibited in hypothyroid membranes. Fixing the concentration of free Mg2+ in these experiments indicates that most of the inhibition seen in hypothyroid membranes is caused by ATP, whereas euthyroid membranes are more sensitive to changes in free Mg2+, Ca++ ± calmodulin did not stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. On the contrary, AC activity was inhibited by Ca++ in a concentration-dependent manner, by as low as 100 nM free Ca++, and to greater extent in hypo- than in euthyroid membranes (maximal inhibition 60 vs. 25-30%). Our results suggest that, functionally, hypothyroidism causes a change in the AC of BAT membranes consistent with a relative or absolute increase in the type VI AC (AC-VI). The effects on this AC of nucleotides, Ca++, and Mg2+ at concentrations prevailing in the hypothyroid brown adipocyte are probably the major latter in the reduced capacity of these cells to generate cAMP. These results also open the possibility of a novel, differential effect of thyroid hormone on AC expression, and support the concept that thyroid hormone affects the adrenergic signal transduction pathways in a tissue-selective manner.
AB - Hypothyroidism profoundly reduces the capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to generate cAMP in response to adrenergic stimulation. Evidence obtained with isolated brown adipocytes suggests a postreceptor defect that offsets the hypothyroidism-induced increase in β3-adrenergic receptors. The goal of the present studies was to identify the defect in the cAMP generation pathway for which we studied cAMP generation in isolated cells and purified BAT membranes from normal and hypothyroid rats. Studies with adenosine deaminase and the adenosine receptor-1 agonist r-phenyl isopropyl adenosine (R-PIA) show that hypothyroid cells are not more sensitive to adenosine (same EC50) but more inhibited by high concentrations of R-PIA. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin reduced the gap in cAMP generation between eu- and hypothyroid cells and the inhibition mediated by R-PIA, but did not normalize the cAMP response to forskolin in hypothyroid cells. Although purified euthyroid BAT membranes increased cAMP production with GTP concentrations up to submillimolar range, to plateau or slightly decrease at higher levels, hypothyroid membranes were weakly stimulated by low concentrations of GTP and markedly inhibited (>50%) at concentrations ≤10-4 M. When assayed at 0.3 mM ATP and 1 μM GTP, hypothyroid membranes actually generated more cAMP in response to forskolin, but this was reversed when GTP concentration was 1 nM. Immunoblotting studies showed no significant effects of hypothyroidism on the abundance of G(α)i or G(β) subunits, and ADP ribosylation of G(α)i was only 45% increased in hypothyroidism in contrast to a 2.5-fold increase in hypothyroid white adipose tissue membranes from the same rats. Hypothyroid membranes also exhibited different kinetics regarding ATP, with higher cAMP generation at submillimolar concentrations but less at >1 mM ATP. Actually, at ATP concentrations >9.6 mM, cAMP generation was markedly inhibited in hypothyroid membranes. Fixing the concentration of free Mg2+ in these experiments indicates that most of the inhibition seen in hypothyroid membranes is caused by ATP, whereas euthyroid membranes are more sensitive to changes in free Mg2+, Ca++ ± calmodulin did not stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. On the contrary, AC activity was inhibited by Ca++ in a concentration-dependent manner, by as low as 100 nM free Ca++, and to greater extent in hypo- than in euthyroid membranes (maximal inhibition 60 vs. 25-30%). Our results suggest that, functionally, hypothyroidism causes a change in the AC of BAT membranes consistent with a relative or absolute increase in the type VI AC (AC-VI). The effects on this AC of nucleotides, Ca++, and Mg2+ at concentrations prevailing in the hypothyroid brown adipocyte are probably the major latter in the reduced capacity of these cells to generate cAMP. These results also open the possibility of a novel, differential effect of thyroid hormone on AC expression, and support the concept that thyroid hormone affects the adrenergic signal transduction pathways in a tissue-selective manner.
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U2 - 10.1210/endo.137.12.8940379
DO - 10.1210/endo.137.12.8940379
M3 - Article
C2 - 8940379
AN - SCOPUS:0030471912
SN - 0013-7227
VL - 137
SP - 5519
EP - 5529
JO - Endocrinology
JF - Endocrinology
IS - 12
ER -