Evaluating teams in extreme environments: Deep caving, polar and desert expeditions

Studies on real-world groups in extreme environments provide us insight into the many factors that impact group performance, health and well-being. Unlike simulation studies, the impact of environmental threat, physical hardship, as well as true isolation and confinement have proven to be key factors in individual and group coping. Psychological and sociocultural issues have been demonstrated to be critical components to success, as has the requirement for strong team interaction, coordination, communication, and cooperation. Methodologies and results of real world teams are discussed focusing on factors that affected functioning and well-being at both the physiological and psychological levels.