TY - JOUR
T1 - Evidence of chronic cadmium exposure identified in the critically endangered Christmas Island flying-fox (Pteropus natalis)
AU - Pulscher, Laura A.
AU - Gray, Rachael
AU - McQuilty, Robert
AU - Rose, Karrie
AU - Welbergen, Justin A.
AU - Phalen, David N.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Taronga Conservation Society Australia's Taronga Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney, and Christmas Island National Park. Funding to support cementum tooth aging of Christmas Island flying-foxes was also supported by a Griffith University , Queensland, Australia New Researcher grant held by Dr. Alison Peel.
Funding Information:
We are grateful for the help of Aileen Wing-Simpson and David Lee at the Department of Chemical Pathology, Trace and Toxic Element Unit at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown, NSW Australia who provided metal analysis. A special thank you to Annabel Dorrestein, Lauren Bassett, Ari Drummond, Sophie Hall, and John Martin who assisted with the capture of and sample collection from Christmas Island flying-foxes. Thank you to Christmas Island National Park staff who provided logistical support for this project. Thank you to Jane Hall at Taronga Conservation Society, Taronga Zoo for her logistical support and assistance with editing the photomicrographs. Logistical support was provided by Alison Peel and Mandy Todd for the transport of Christmas Island flying-fox teeth to Matson's Laboratory for cementum tooth aging. Lastly, thank you to Jessica Agius for her assistance with the graphical abstract and Chris Bray who provided the Christmas Island flying-fox photo for the graphical abstract. This research was supported by the Taronga Conservation Society Australia's Taronga Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney, and Christmas Island National Park. Funding to support cementum tooth aging of Christmas Island flying-foxes was also supported by a Griffith University, Queensland, Australia New Researcher grant held by Dr. Alison Peel.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 The Authors
PY - 2021/4/20
Y1 - 2021/4/20
N2 - The Christmas Island flying-fox (Pteropus natalis) is the last native mammal on Christmas Island and its population is in decline. Phosphate mining occurs across much of the eastern side of Christmas Island. The phosphate deposits are naturally rich in cadmium, and potentially other metals, which may be threatening the Christmas Island flying-fox population. To test this, concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, iron, mercury, lead, and zinc) were measured in fur and urine collected from Christmas Island flying-foxes and interpreted concurrently with urinalysis and serum biochemistry data. In addition, metal concentrations in liver and kidney samples from two Christmas Island flying-foxes and associated histological findings from one of these individuals are reported. Fur cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in the Christmas Island flying-fox compared to concentrations found in flying-foxes in mainland Australia. Additionally, 30% of Christmas Island flying-foxes had urine cadmium concentrations exceeding maximum concentrations previously reported in flying-foxes in mainland Australia. Glucosuria and proteinuria were identified in two Christmas Island flying-foxes, suggestive of renal dysfunction. In one aged flying-fox, kidney cadmium concentrations were four-fold higher than toxic thresholds reported for domestic mammals. Microscopic evaluation of this individual identified bone lesions consistent with those described in laboratory animals with chronic cadmium poisoning. These results suggest that Christmas Island flying-foxes are being exposed to cadmium and identification of these sources is recommended as a focus of future research. Unexpectedly, urine iron concentrations in Christmas Island flying-foxes were higher compared to previous studies of Australian mainland flying-foxes, which suggests that urinary excretion of iron may be an important aspect of iron homeostasis in this species whose diet is iron rich.
AB - The Christmas Island flying-fox (Pteropus natalis) is the last native mammal on Christmas Island and its population is in decline. Phosphate mining occurs across much of the eastern side of Christmas Island. The phosphate deposits are naturally rich in cadmium, and potentially other metals, which may be threatening the Christmas Island flying-fox population. To test this, concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, iron, mercury, lead, and zinc) were measured in fur and urine collected from Christmas Island flying-foxes and interpreted concurrently with urinalysis and serum biochemistry data. In addition, metal concentrations in liver and kidney samples from two Christmas Island flying-foxes and associated histological findings from one of these individuals are reported. Fur cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in the Christmas Island flying-fox compared to concentrations found in flying-foxes in mainland Australia. Additionally, 30% of Christmas Island flying-foxes had urine cadmium concentrations exceeding maximum concentrations previously reported in flying-foxes in mainland Australia. Glucosuria and proteinuria were identified in two Christmas Island flying-foxes, suggestive of renal dysfunction. In one aged flying-fox, kidney cadmium concentrations were four-fold higher than toxic thresholds reported for domestic mammals. Microscopic evaluation of this individual identified bone lesions consistent with those described in laboratory animals with chronic cadmium poisoning. These results suggest that Christmas Island flying-foxes are being exposed to cadmium and identification of these sources is recommended as a focus of future research. Unexpectedly, urine iron concentrations in Christmas Island flying-foxes were higher compared to previous studies of Australian mainland flying-foxes, which suggests that urinary excretion of iron may be an important aspect of iron homeostasis in this species whose diet is iron rich.
KW - Cadmium
KW - Christmas Island flying-fox
KW - Fur
KW - Iron
KW - Urine
KW - Wildlife ecotoxicology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098938516&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85098938516&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144374
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144374
M3 - Article
C2 - 33421794
AN - SCOPUS:85098938516
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 766
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 144374
ER -