Exosomes in reproductive biology and medicine

Extracellular vesicles (exosomes 30-200nm) particles are natural nanoparticles secreted from cells and reflect the physiologic state of the cell at the time of their release. Recent advancements in reproductive biology associated with exosome studies revealed a fascinating role played by these particles. Exosomes are involved in implantation, maintaining homeostasis of various physiologic feto-maternal systems as communication channels delivering specific cargo, as they can cross the barriers between the two systems and initiate parturition. The utility of these properties of exosomes has been explored by scientists as potential biomarkers of fetal physiology to determine the health of the fetus. Most importantly, exosomes are now considered a drug-delivery vehicle by loading them with desired drugs through various approaches. They are also considered drugs when they can load specific molecules (e.g., antiinflammatory peptides) during their biogenesis from a cell. The perinatal medicine field will be exploring the potential of exosomes in the coming decade to diagnose and treat adverse pregnancy events. This book chapter provides a detailed review of current developments in the field of exosome biology.