First and second trimester immune biomarkers in preeclamptic and normotensive women

Introduction Circulating immune markers may be associated with preeclampsia but further investigations in early pregnancy and among preeclampsia subtypes are warranted. We examined immune markers in 208 preeclamptic women and 411 normotensive controls. Methods Our study was nested within the Collaborative Perinatal Project. A total of 242 women had first trimester serum samples and 392 had second trimester serum samples. Preeclampsia was defined as hypertension >20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria or pulmonary edema, oliguria, or convulsions. Preterm preeclampsia was defined as preeclampsia with delivery less than 37 weeks of gestation. Associations between immune markers RANTES, interleukin (IL)-6, IL4, IL5, IL12, IL10, IL8, IL1-beta, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and beta, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and preeclampsia were explored using a modified version of cox regression developed to address data with non-detectable levels. Models were adjusted for body mass index, gestational age of blood sampling, fetal sex, smoking, socioeconomic status and maternal age. Results In first trimester samples, IL-12 was associated with preeclampsia (p = 0.0255). IFN-gamma (p = 0.0063), IL1-beta (p = 0.0006), IL5 (p = 0.0422) and TNFr (p = 0.0460) were associated with preterm preeclampsia only. In second trimester samples, IL1-beta was associated with preeclampsia (p = 0.0180) and term preeclampsia (p = 0.0454). After correction for multiple comparisons, only IL1-beta remained associated with preterm preeclampsia in the first trimester (p = 0.0288). Discussion Elevated first trimester IL1-beta appears to be associated with preterm preeclampsia. However, few associations were observed in the second trimester. Systemic immune markers alone may not be useful for preeclampsia prediction.