TY - JOUR
T1 - Force sensing and generation in cell phases
T2 - Analyses of complex functions
AU - Döbereiner, Hans Günther
AU - Dubin-Thaler, Benjamin J.
AU - Giannone, Gregory
AU - Sheetz, Michael P.
PY - 2005/4
Y1 - 2005/4
N2 - Cellular morphology is determined by motility, force sensing, and force generation that must be finely controlled in a dynamic fashion. Contractile and extensile functions are integrated with the overall cytoskeleton, including linkages from the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and other cells by force sensing. During development, as cells differentiate, variations in protein expression levels result in morphological changes. There are two major explanations for motile behavior: either cellular motility depends in a continuous fashion on cell composition or it exhibits phases wherein only a few protein modules are activated locally for a given time. Indeed, in support of the latter model, the quantification of cell spreading and other motile activities shows multiple distinct modes of behavior, which we term "phases" because there exist abrupt transitions between them. Cells in suspension have a basal level of motility that enables them to probe their immediate environment. After contacting a matrix-coated surface, they rapidly transition to an activated spreading phase. After the development of a significant contact area, the cells contract repeatedly to determine the rigidity of the substrate and then develop force on matrix contacts. When cells are fully spread, extension activity is significantly decreased and focal complexes start to assemble near the cell periphery. For each of these phases, there are significant differences in protein activities, which correspond to differences in function. Thus overall morphological change of a tissue is driven by chemical signals and force-dependent activation of one or more motile phases in limited cell regions for defined periods.
AB - Cellular morphology is determined by motility, force sensing, and force generation that must be finely controlled in a dynamic fashion. Contractile and extensile functions are integrated with the overall cytoskeleton, including linkages from the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and other cells by force sensing. During development, as cells differentiate, variations in protein expression levels result in morphological changes. There are two major explanations for motile behavior: either cellular motility depends in a continuous fashion on cell composition or it exhibits phases wherein only a few protein modules are activated locally for a given time. Indeed, in support of the latter model, the quantification of cell spreading and other motile activities shows multiple distinct modes of behavior, which we term "phases" because there exist abrupt transitions between them. Cells in suspension have a basal level of motility that enables them to probe their immediate environment. After contacting a matrix-coated surface, they rapidly transition to an activated spreading phase. After the development of a significant contact area, the cells contract repeatedly to determine the rigidity of the substrate and then develop force on matrix contacts. When cells are fully spread, extension activity is significantly decreased and focal complexes start to assemble near the cell periphery. For each of these phases, there are significant differences in protein activities, which correspond to differences in function. Thus overall morphological change of a tissue is driven by chemical signals and force-dependent activation of one or more motile phases in limited cell regions for defined periods.
KW - Cellular processes
KW - Dynamic phase transitions
KW - Extracellular matrix
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=15444366909&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=15444366909&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1152/japplphysiol.01181.2004
DO - 10.1152/japplphysiol.01181.2004
M3 - Review article
C2 - 15772064
AN - SCOPUS:15444366909
SN - 8750-7587
VL - 98
SP - 1542
EP - 1546
JO - Journal of Applied Physiology
JF - Journal of Applied Physiology
IS - 4
ER -