Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: from pathophysiology to emerging therapies

Alberto Cucca; Milton C. Biagioni; Jori E. Fleisher; Shashank Agarwal; Andre Son; Pawan Kumar; Miroslaw Brys; Alessandro Di Rocco

doi:10.2217/nmt-2016-0018

Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: from pathophysiology to emerging therapies

Alberto Cucca, Milton C. Biagioni, Jori E. Fleisher, Shashank Agarwal, Andre Son, Pawan Kumar, Miroslaw Brys, Alessandro Di Rocco

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

21 Scopus citations

Abstract

Freezing of gait (FOG) is 'an episodic inability to generate effective stepping in the absence of any known cause other than parkinsonism or high level gait disorders'. FOG is one of the most disabling symptoms in Parkinson's disease, especially in its more advanced stages. Early recognition is important as FOG is related to higher fall risk and poorer prognosis. Although specific treatments are still elusive, there have been recent advances in the development of new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is to present the latest knowledge regarding the phenomenology, pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment and conventional treatment of FOG in Parkinson's disease. A review of the evidence supporting noninvasive brain stimulation will follow to highlight the potential of these strategies.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	431-446
Number of pages	16
Journal	Neurodegenerative disease management
Volume	6
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2016-0018
State	Published - Oct 1 2016
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

freezing of gait
neurorehabilitation
noninvasive brain stimulation

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Clinical Neurology

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10.2217/nmt-2016-0018

Cite this

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abstract = "Freezing of gait (FOG) is 'an episodic inability to generate effective stepping in the absence of any known cause other than parkinsonism or high level gait disorders'. FOG is one of the most disabling symptoms in Parkinson's disease, especially in its more advanced stages. Early recognition is important as FOG is related to higher fall risk and poorer prognosis. Although specific treatments are still elusive, there have been recent advances in the development of new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is to present the latest knowledge regarding the phenomenology, pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment and conventional treatment of FOG in Parkinson's disease. A review of the evidence supporting noninvasive brain stimulation will follow to highlight the potential of these strategies. ",

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AU - Cucca, Alberto

AU - Biagioni, Milton C.

AU - Fleisher, Jori E.

AU - Agarwal, Shashank

AU - Son, Andre

AU - Kumar, Pawan

AU - Brys, Miroslaw

AU - Di Rocco, Alessandro

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N2 - Freezing of gait (FOG) is 'an episodic inability to generate effective stepping in the absence of any known cause other than parkinsonism or high level gait disorders'. FOG is one of the most disabling symptoms in Parkinson's disease, especially in its more advanced stages. Early recognition is important as FOG is related to higher fall risk and poorer prognosis. Although specific treatments are still elusive, there have been recent advances in the development of new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is to present the latest knowledge regarding the phenomenology, pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment and conventional treatment of FOG in Parkinson's disease. A review of the evidence supporting noninvasive brain stimulation will follow to highlight the potential of these strategies.

AB - Freezing of gait (FOG) is 'an episodic inability to generate effective stepping in the absence of any known cause other than parkinsonism or high level gait disorders'. FOG is one of the most disabling symptoms in Parkinson's disease, especially in its more advanced stages. Early recognition is important as FOG is related to higher fall risk and poorer prognosis. Although specific treatments are still elusive, there have been recent advances in the development of new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is to present the latest knowledge regarding the phenomenology, pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment and conventional treatment of FOG in Parkinson's disease. A review of the evidence supporting noninvasive brain stimulation will follow to highlight the potential of these strategies.

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Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: from pathophysiology to emerging therapies

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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