Glanders: An ancient and emergent disease with no vaccine or treatment on site

Glanders is a highly contagious and potentially fatal zoonotic disease that primarily affects equines but can also infect humans. Caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei, the disease is characterized by nodular lesions in the lungs and ulcerations of the skin and mucous membranes. This review explores the historical significance of glanders, from its early recognition to its role as a biothreat agent. Additionally, it examines the global distribution and epidemiology of glanders, emphasizing its status as a re-emerging disease in certain regions. Finally, the clinical presentation, diagno-sis, and host-immunity responses to B. mallei infection are discussed, with a focus on the ongoing efforts to develop a viable vaccine.