TY - JOUR
T1 - Immune evasion strategies used by Helicobacter pylori
AU - Lina, Taslima
AU - Alzahrani, Shatha
AU - Gonzalez, Jazmin
AU - Pinchuk, Iryna
AU - Beswick, Ellen J.
AU - Reyes, Victor E.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
PY - 2014/9/28
Y1 - 2014/9/28
N2 - Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is perhaps the most ubiquitous and successful human pathogen, since it colonizes the stomach of more than half of humankind. Infection with this bacterium is commonly acquired during childhood. Once infected, people carry the bacteria for decades or even for life, if not treated. Persistent infection with this pathogen causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and is also strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer. Despite induction of innate and adaptive immune responses in the infected individual, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. One widely accepted hallmark of H. pylori is that it successfully and stealthily evades host defense mechanisms. Though the gastric mucosa is well protected against infection, H. pylori is able to reside under the mucus, attach to gastric epithelial cells and cause persistent infection by evading immune responses mediated by host. In this review, we discuss how H. pylori avoids innate and acquired immune response elements, uses gastric epithelial cells as mediators to manipulate host T cell responses and uses virulence factors to avoid adaptive immune responses by T cells to establish a persistent infection. We also discuss in this review how the genetic diversity of this pathogen helps for its survival.
AB - Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is perhaps the most ubiquitous and successful human pathogen, since it colonizes the stomach of more than half of humankind. Infection with this bacterium is commonly acquired during childhood. Once infected, people carry the bacteria for decades or even for life, if not treated. Persistent infection with this pathogen causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and is also strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer. Despite induction of innate and adaptive immune responses in the infected individual, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. One widely accepted hallmark of H. pylori is that it successfully and stealthily evades host defense mechanisms. Though the gastric mucosa is well protected against infection, H. pylori is able to reside under the mucus, attach to gastric epithelial cells and cause persistent infection by evading immune responses mediated by host. In this review, we discuss how H. pylori avoids innate and acquired immune response elements, uses gastric epithelial cells as mediators to manipulate host T cell responses and uses virulence factors to avoid adaptive immune responses by T cells to establish a persistent infection. We also discuss in this review how the genetic diversity of this pathogen helps for its survival.
KW - Antigen presenting cells
KW - Gastric epithelial cells
KW - Helicobacter pylori
KW - Immune response
KW - Pattern recognition receptors
KW - Phagocytes
KW - T cells
KW - T4SS
KW - Vacuolating cytotoxin
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U2 - 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12753
DO - 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12753
M3 - Review article
C2 - 25278676
AN - SCOPUS:84928410099
SN - 1007-9327
VL - 20
SP - 12753
EP - 12766
JO - World journal of gastroenterology
JF - World journal of gastroenterology
IS - 36
ER -