TY - JOUR
T1 - Intramuscular atropine sulfate in children
T2 - Comparison of injection sites
AU - Sullivan, Kevin J.
AU - Berman, Lawrence S.
AU - Koska, Jay
AU - Goodwin, Salvatore R.
AU - Setzer, Nancy
AU - White, Sno E.
AU - Graves, Shirley A.
AU - Nall, Agnes V.
PY - 1997
Y1 - 1997
N2 - In children undergoing inhaled induction of anesthesia with halothane who suffer bradycardia, submental glossal injection of atropine may result in more rapid onset of vagolysis than traditional intramuscular sites. We compared the intervals between injection and onset of heart rate acceleration (t(HR) ↑) after intramuscular injection of atropine into the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and glossa in children between 1 mo and 10 yr of age scheduled for elective surgery. The t(HR) ↑ was determined by measuring the interval between atropine injection and the time point at which the slope of the heart rate curve initially became positive. To ensure that the drug had taken effect before surgical stimulation, heart rate observation was continued until it increased at least 5% above baseline with evidence of continuing acceleration. Anesthesia was induced in all subjects by mask with nitrous oxide and halothane. After tracheal intubation, constant inspired concentrations of the anesthetics were administered for 3 min. While heart rate was monitored, atropine (0.02 mg/kg) was injected into one of the three sites. Each patient's end-tidal anesthetic concentrations were recorded, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentrations (MAC) were subsequently calculated and adjusted for age. The t(HR) ↑ was recorded and averaged for each group. The study groups did not differ by age, weight, end-tidal anesthetic concentrations, age-adjusted MAC, or heart rate at the time atropine was administered. After submental glossal injection (n = 11), t(HR) ↑ increase was fastest (3.0 ± 1.1 min) and was significantly faster than that found with deltoid injection (n = 16; 4.4 ± 1.1 min) or vastus lateralis injection (n = 8; 6.4 ± 2.4 min) (P < 0.05 compared with both). The t(HR) ↑ also differed significantly between the deltoid and the vastus lateralis (P < 0.05). We conclude that submental glossal injection of atropine results in a more rapid onset of vagolysis than injection at traditional intramuscular sites.
AB - In children undergoing inhaled induction of anesthesia with halothane who suffer bradycardia, submental glossal injection of atropine may result in more rapid onset of vagolysis than traditional intramuscular sites. We compared the intervals between injection and onset of heart rate acceleration (t(HR) ↑) after intramuscular injection of atropine into the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and glossa in children between 1 mo and 10 yr of age scheduled for elective surgery. The t(HR) ↑ was determined by measuring the interval between atropine injection and the time point at which the slope of the heart rate curve initially became positive. To ensure that the drug had taken effect before surgical stimulation, heart rate observation was continued until it increased at least 5% above baseline with evidence of continuing acceleration. Anesthesia was induced in all subjects by mask with nitrous oxide and halothane. After tracheal intubation, constant inspired concentrations of the anesthetics were administered for 3 min. While heart rate was monitored, atropine (0.02 mg/kg) was injected into one of the three sites. Each patient's end-tidal anesthetic concentrations were recorded, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentrations (MAC) were subsequently calculated and adjusted for age. The t(HR) ↑ was recorded and averaged for each group. The study groups did not differ by age, weight, end-tidal anesthetic concentrations, age-adjusted MAC, or heart rate at the time atropine was administered. After submental glossal injection (n = 11), t(HR) ↑ increase was fastest (3.0 ± 1.1 min) and was significantly faster than that found with deltoid injection (n = 16; 4.4 ± 1.1 min) or vastus lateralis injection (n = 8; 6.4 ± 2.4 min) (P < 0.05 compared with both). The t(HR) ↑ also differed significantly between the deltoid and the vastus lateralis (P < 0.05). We conclude that submental glossal injection of atropine results in a more rapid onset of vagolysis than injection at traditional intramuscular sites.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0031033022&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0031033022&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/00000539-199701000-00010
DO - 10.1097/00000539-199701000-00010
M3 - Article
C2 - 8988999
AN - SCOPUS:0031033022
SN - 0003-2999
VL - 84
SP - 54
EP - 58
JO - Anesthesia and analgesia
JF - Anesthesia and analgesia
IS - 1
ER -