Major Livestock-associated Zoonoses in Mongolia: An Overview

Mongolia’s unique socio-economic and geographical characteristics, including its vast grasslands and reliance on traditional livestock herding, pose substantial risks regarding the emergence and transmission of novel zoonotic pathogens. In Mongolia, which has a livestock population exceeding 64 million, close interactions between humans and animals are integral to the livelihoods of rural communities but heighten the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission. Major livestock-associated zoonoses in Mongolia, such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, and rabies, have serious impacts on humans, livestock, and the economy. These risks are exacerbated by traditional practices, such as the consumption of raw or unpasteurized animal products, and challenges such as climate change, limited access to veterinary services, and nomadic herding. Collaborative zoonotic pathogen control strategies involving health and veterinary sectors have been implemented, including surveillance programs and vaccination efforts. However, gaps remain in disease management, surveillance, and public education. Strengthening infrastructure and adopting a One Health approach is critical to mitigating zoonotic pathogen risks for both humans and animals.