Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis

Anas Zaher; Maria Julia Moura Nascimento Santos; Hassan Elsaygh; Stephen J. Peterson; Carolina Colli Cruz; Anusha Shirwaikar Thomas; Yinghong Wang

doi:10.1080/14740338.2025.2496431

Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis

Anas Zaher
, Maria Julia Moura Nascimento Santos
, Hassan Elsaygh
, Stephen J. Peterson
, Carolina Colli Cruz
, Anusha Shirwaikar Thomas
, Yinghong Wang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Introduction: This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and factors associated with refractory immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (r-IMDC), emphasizing tailored treatment strategies. Areas covered: The current literature on r-IMDC was reviewed using PubMed (2015–2025), focusing on clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case reports relevant to its management. Expert opinion: Effectively managing r-IMDC is crucial for balancing toxicities and antitumor response. Available second and third-line management options for r-IMDC cases must be carefully evaluated. Future perspectives include development of standardized protocols beyond second-line therapies and predictive biomarkers to enable personalized treatment.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	49-58
Number of pages	10
Journal	Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
Volume	25
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2025.2496431
State	Published - 2026
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

cancer
diarrhea and colitis
Immune checkpoint inhibitor
immune-related adverse events
refractory

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Pharmacology (medical)

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10.1080/14740338.2025.2496431

Cite this

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title = "Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis",

abstract = "Introduction: This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and factors associated with refractory immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (r-IMDC), emphasizing tailored treatment strategies. Areas covered: The current literature on r-IMDC was reviewed using PubMed (2015–2025), focusing on clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case reports relevant to its management. Expert opinion: Effectively managing r-IMDC is crucial for balancing toxicities and antitumor response. Available second and third-line management options for r-IMDC cases must be carefully evaluated. Future perspectives include development of standardized protocols beyond second-line therapies and predictive biomarkers to enable personalized treatment.",

keywords = "cancer, diarrhea and colitis, Immune checkpoint inhibitor, immune-related adverse events, refractory",

author = "Anas Zaher and \{Moura Nascimento Santos\}, \{Maria Julia\} and Hassan Elsaygh and Peterson, \{Stephen J.\} and \{Colli Cruz\}, Carolina and Thomas, \{Anusha Shirwaikar\} and Yinghong Wang",

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doi = "10.1080/14740338.2025.2496431",

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T1 - Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis

AU - Zaher, Anas

AU - Moura Nascimento Santos, Maria Julia

AU - Elsaygh, Hassan

AU - Peterson, Stephen J.

AU - Colli Cruz, Carolina

AU - Thomas, Anusha Shirwaikar

AU - Wang, Yinghong

PY - 2026

Y1 - 2026

N2 - Introduction: This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and factors associated with refractory immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (r-IMDC), emphasizing tailored treatment strategies. Areas covered: The current literature on r-IMDC was reviewed using PubMed (2015–2025), focusing on clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case reports relevant to its management. Expert opinion: Effectively managing r-IMDC is crucial for balancing toxicities and antitumor response. Available second and third-line management options for r-IMDC cases must be carefully evaluated. Future perspectives include development of standardized protocols beyond second-line therapies and predictive biomarkers to enable personalized treatment.

AB - Introduction: This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and factors associated with refractory immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (r-IMDC), emphasizing tailored treatment strategies. Areas covered: The current literature on r-IMDC was reviewed using PubMed (2015–2025), focusing on clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case reports relevant to its management. Expert opinion: Effectively managing r-IMDC is crucial for balancing toxicities and antitumor response. Available second and third-line management options for r-IMDC cases must be carefully evaluated. Future perspectives include development of standardized protocols beyond second-line therapies and predictive biomarkers to enable personalized treatment.

KW - cancer

KW - diarrhea and colitis

KW - Immune checkpoint inhibitor

KW - immune-related adverse events

KW - refractory

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DO - 10.1080/14740338.2025.2496431

M3 - Review article

C2 - 40251944

AN - SCOPUS:105003251789

SN - 1474-0338

VL - 25

SP - 49

EP - 58

JO - Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

JF - Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

IS - 1

ER -

Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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