Phylogeography of Bacillus anthracis in the country of Georgia shows evidence of population structuring and is dissimilar to other regional genotypes

Ekaterine Khmaladze; Dawn N. Birdsell; Amber A. Naumann; Christian B. Hochhalter; Meagan L. Seymour; Roxanne Nottingham; Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg; James Beckstrom-Sternberg; Mikeljon P. Nikolich; Gvantsa Chanturia; Ekaterine Zhgenti; Mariam Zakalashvili; Lile Malania; Giorgi Babuadze; Nikoloz Tsertsvadze; Natalia Abazashvili; Merab Kekelidze; Shota Tsanava; Paata Imnadze; Holly H. Ganz; Wayne M. Getz; Ofori Pearson; Pawel Gajer; Mark Eppinger; Jacques Ravel; David M. Wagner; Richard T. Okinaka; James M. Schupp; Paul Keim; Talima Pearson

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102651

Phylogeography of Bacillus anthracis in the country of Georgia shows evidence of population structuring and is dissimilar to other regional genotypes

Ekaterine Khmaladze, Dawn N. Birdsell, Amber A. Naumann, Christian B. Hochhalter, Meagan L. Seymour, Roxanne Nottingham, Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg, James Beckstrom-Sternberg, Mikeljon P. Nikolich, Gvantsa Chanturia, Ekaterine Zhgenti, Mariam Zakalashvili, Lile Malania, Giorgi Babuadze, Nikoloz Tsertsvadze, Natalia Abazashvili, Merab Kekelidze, Shota Tsanava, Paata Imnadze, Holly H. GanzWayne M. Getz, Ofori Pearson, Pawel Gajer, Mark Eppinger, Jacques Ravel, David M. Wagner, Richard T. Okinaka, James M. Schupp, Paul Keim, Talima Pearson

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Abstract

Sequence analyses and subtyping of Bacillus anthracis strains from Georgia reveal a single distinct lineage (Aust94) that is ecologically established. Phylogeographic analysis and comparisons to a global collection reveals a clade that is mostly restricted to Georgia. Within this clade, many groups are found around the country, however at least one subclade is only found in the eastern part. This pattern suggests that dispersal into and out of Georgia has been rare and despite historical dispersion within the country, for at least for one lineage, current spread is limited.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	e102651
Journal	PloS one
Volume	9
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102651
State	Published - Jul 21 2014
Externally published	Yes

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Khmaladze, E., Birdsell, D. N., Naumann, A. A., Hochhalter, C. B., Seymour, M. L., Nottingham, R., Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. M., Beckstrom-Sternberg, J., Nikolich, M. P., Chanturia, G., Zhgenti, E., Zakalashvili, M., Malania, L., Babuadze, G., Tsertsvadze, N., Abazashvili, N., Kekelidze, M., Tsanava, S., Imnadze, P., ... Pearson, T. (2014). Phylogeography of Bacillus anthracis in the country of Georgia shows evidence of population structuring and is dissimilar to other regional genotypes. PloS one, 9(7), Article e102651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102651

Khmaladze, E, Birdsell, DN, Naumann, AA, Hochhalter, CB, Seymour, ML, Nottingham, R, Beckstrom-Sternberg, SM, Beckstrom-Sternberg, J, Nikolich, MP, Chanturia, G, Zhgenti, E, Zakalashvili, M, Malania, L, Babuadze, G, Tsertsvadze, N, Abazashvili, N, Kekelidze, M, Tsanava, S, Imnadze, P, Ganz, HH, Getz, WM, Pearson, O, Gajer, P, Eppinger, M, Ravel, J, Wagner, DM, Okinaka, RT, Schupp, JM, Keim, P & Pearson, T 2014, 'Phylogeography of Bacillus anthracis in the country of Georgia shows evidence of population structuring and is dissimilar to other regional genotypes', PloS one, vol. 9, no. 7, e102651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102651

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title = "Phylogeography of Bacillus anthracis in the country of Georgia shows evidence of population structuring and is dissimilar to other regional genotypes",

abstract = "Sequence analyses and subtyping of Bacillus anthracis strains from Georgia reveal a single distinct lineage (Aust94) that is ecologically established. Phylogeographic analysis and comparisons to a global collection reveals a clade that is mostly restricted to Georgia. Within this clade, many groups are found around the country, however at least one subclade is only found in the eastern part. This pattern suggests that dispersal into and out of Georgia has been rare and despite historical dispersion within the country, for at least for one lineage, current spread is limited.",

author = "Ekaterine Khmaladze and Birdsell, {Dawn N.} and Naumann, {Amber A.} and Hochhalter, {Christian B.} and Seymour, {Meagan L.} and Roxanne Nottingham and Beckstrom-Sternberg, {Stephen M.} and James Beckstrom-Sternberg and Nikolich, {Mikeljon P.} and Gvantsa Chanturia and Ekaterine Zhgenti and Mariam Zakalashvili and Lile Malania and Giorgi Babuadze and Nikoloz Tsertsvadze and Natalia Abazashvili and Merab Kekelidze and Shota Tsanava and Paata Imnadze and Ganz, {Holly H.} and Getz, {Wayne M.} and Ofori Pearson and Pawel Gajer and Mark Eppinger and Jacques Ravel and Wagner, {David M.} and Okinaka, {Richard T.} and Schupp, {James M.} and Paul Keim and Talima Pearson",

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AU - Birdsell, Dawn N.

AU - Naumann, Amber A.

AU - Hochhalter, Christian B.

AU - Seymour, Meagan L.

AU - Nottingham, Roxanne

AU - Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M.

AU - Beckstrom-Sternberg, James

AU - Nikolich, Mikeljon P.

AU - Chanturia, Gvantsa

AU - Zhgenti, Ekaterine

AU - Zakalashvili, Mariam

AU - Malania, Lile

AU - Babuadze, Giorgi

AU - Tsertsvadze, Nikoloz

AU - Abazashvili, Natalia

AU - Kekelidze, Merab

AU - Tsanava, Shota

AU - Imnadze, Paata

AU - Ganz, Holly H.

AU - Getz, Wayne M.

AU - Pearson, Ofori

AU - Gajer, Pawel

AU - Eppinger, Mark

AU - Ravel, Jacques

AU - Wagner, David M.

AU - Okinaka, Richard T.

AU - Schupp, James M.

AU - Keim, Paul

AU - Pearson, Talima

PY - 2014/7/21

Y1 - 2014/7/21

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AB - Sequence analyses and subtyping of Bacillus anthracis strains from Georgia reveal a single distinct lineage (Aust94) that is ecologically established. Phylogeographic analysis and comparisons to a global collection reveals a clade that is mostly restricted to Georgia. Within this clade, many groups are found around the country, however at least one subclade is only found in the eastern part. This pattern suggests that dispersal into and out of Georgia has been rare and despite historical dispersion within the country, for at least for one lineage, current spread is limited.

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Phylogeography of Bacillus anthracis in the country of Georgia shows evidence of population structuring and is dissimilar to other regional genotypes

Abstract

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