TY - JOUR
T1 - Protoporphyrin IX-induced phototoxicity
T2 - Mechanisms and therapeutics
AU - Hussain, Zahir
AU - Qi, Qian
AU - Zhu, Junjie
AU - Anderson, Karl E.
AU - Ma, Xiaochao
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2023/8
Y1 - 2023/8
N2 - Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an intermediate in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Abnormal accumulation of PPIX due to certain pathological conditions such as erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria causes painful phototoxic reactions of the skin, which can significantly impact daily life. Endothelial cells in the skin have been proposed as the primary target for PPIX-induced phototoxicity through light-triggered generation of reactive oxygen species. Current approaches for the management of PPIX-induced phototoxicity include opaque clothing, sunscreens, phototherapy, blood therapy, antioxidants, bone marrow transplantation, and drugs that increase skin pigmentation. In this review, we discuss the present understanding of PPIX-induced phototoxicity including PPIX production and disposition, conditions that lead to PPIX accumulation, symptoms and individual differences, mechanisms, and therapeutics.
AB - Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an intermediate in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Abnormal accumulation of PPIX due to certain pathological conditions such as erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria causes painful phototoxic reactions of the skin, which can significantly impact daily life. Endothelial cells in the skin have been proposed as the primary target for PPIX-induced phototoxicity through light-triggered generation of reactive oxygen species. Current approaches for the management of PPIX-induced phototoxicity include opaque clothing, sunscreens, phototherapy, blood therapy, antioxidants, bone marrow transplantation, and drugs that increase skin pigmentation. In this review, we discuss the present understanding of PPIX-induced phototoxicity including PPIX production and disposition, conditions that lead to PPIX accumulation, symptoms and individual differences, mechanisms, and therapeutics.
KW - Erythropoietic protoporphyria
KW - Heme
KW - Phototoxicity
KW - Protoporphyrin IX
KW - X-linked protoporphyria
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85164415440&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108487
DO - 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108487
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37392940
AN - SCOPUS:85164415440
SN - 0163-7258
VL - 248
JO - Pharmacology and Therapeutics
JF - Pharmacology and Therapeutics
M1 - 108487
ER -