TY - JOUR
T1 - Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Differences in Patient Reported Well-Being and Cognitive Functioning Within 3 Months of Symptomatic Illness During COVID-19 Pandemic
AU - Hill, Mandy J.
AU - Huebinger, Ryan M.
AU - Ebna Mannan, Imtiaz
AU - Yu, Huihui
AU - Wisk, Lauren E.
AU - O’Laughlin, Kelli N.
AU - Gentile, Nicole L.
AU - Stephens, Kari A.
AU - Gottlieb, Michael
AU - Weinstein, Robert A.
AU - Koo, Katherine
AU - Santangelo, Michelle
AU - Saydah, Sharon
AU - Spatz, Erica S.
AU - Lin, Zhenqiu
AU - Schaeffer, Kevin
AU - Kean, Efrat
AU - Montoy, Juan Carlos C.
AU - Rodriguez, Robert M.
AU - Idris, Ahamed H.
AU - McDonald, Samuel
AU - Elmore, Joann G.
AU - Venkatesh, Arjun
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2024.
PY - 2025/10
Y1 - 2025/10
N2 - Background: Differences in acute COVID-19 associated morbidity based on race, ethnicity, and gender have been well described; however, less is known about differences in subsequent longer term health-related quality of life and well-being. Methods: This prospective cohort study included symptomatic adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 who completed baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys. Using the PROMIS-29 tool, a validated measure of health and well-being, we compared outcomes at 3 months and change in outcomes from baseline to 3 months among groups with different races, ethnicities, and/or sexes. Results: Among 6044 participants, 4113 (3202 COVID +) were included. Among COVID + participants, compared to non-Hispanic White participants, Black participants had better PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (3.6 [1.1, 6.2]) and fatigue (− 4.3 [− 6.6, − 2.0]) at 3 months and experienced more improvement in fatigue over 3 months (− 2.7 [− 4.7, − 0.8]). At 3 months, compared with males, females had worse PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (− 4.1 [− 5.6, − 2.6]), physical function (− 2.1 [− 3.1, − 1.0]), social participation (− 2.8 [− 4.2, − 1.5]), anxiety (2.8 [1.5, 4.1]), fatigue (5.1 [3.7, 6.4]), and pain interference (2.0 [0.9, 3.2]). Females experienced less improvement in fatigue over 3 months (3.1 [2.0, 4.3]). Transgender/non-binary/other gender participants had worse 3-month scores in all domains except for sleep disturbance and pain interference. Conclusions: Three months after the initial COVID-19 infection, Black participants reported better cognitive function and fatigue, while females and other gender minoritized groups experienced lower well-being. Future studies are necessary to better understand how and why social constructs, specifically race, ethnicity, and gender, influence differences in COVID-19-related health outcomes. Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov
AB - Background: Differences in acute COVID-19 associated morbidity based on race, ethnicity, and gender have been well described; however, less is known about differences in subsequent longer term health-related quality of life and well-being. Methods: This prospective cohort study included symptomatic adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 who completed baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys. Using the PROMIS-29 tool, a validated measure of health and well-being, we compared outcomes at 3 months and change in outcomes from baseline to 3 months among groups with different races, ethnicities, and/or sexes. Results: Among 6044 participants, 4113 (3202 COVID +) were included. Among COVID + participants, compared to non-Hispanic White participants, Black participants had better PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (3.6 [1.1, 6.2]) and fatigue (− 4.3 [− 6.6, − 2.0]) at 3 months and experienced more improvement in fatigue over 3 months (− 2.7 [− 4.7, − 0.8]). At 3 months, compared with males, females had worse PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (− 4.1 [− 5.6, − 2.6]), physical function (− 2.1 [− 3.1, − 1.0]), social participation (− 2.8 [− 4.2, − 1.5]), anxiety (2.8 [1.5, 4.1]), fatigue (5.1 [3.7, 6.4]), and pain interference (2.0 [0.9, 3.2]). Females experienced less improvement in fatigue over 3 months (3.1 [2.0, 4.3]). Transgender/non-binary/other gender participants had worse 3-month scores in all domains except for sleep disturbance and pain interference. Conclusions: Three months after the initial COVID-19 infection, Black participants reported better cognitive function and fatigue, while females and other gender minoritized groups experienced lower well-being. Future studies are necessary to better understand how and why social constructs, specifically race, ethnicity, and gender, influence differences in COVID-19-related health outcomes. Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov
KW - COVID-19
KW - Coronavirus
KW - Long COVID
KW - PROMIS outcomes
KW - Registry
KW - SARS-CoV-2
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85201830518
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85201830518&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s40615-024-02124-8
DO - 10.1007/s40615-024-02124-8
M3 - Article
C2 - 39172356
AN - SCOPUS:85201830518
SN - 2197-3792
VL - 12
SP - 3192
EP - 3209
JO - Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
JF - Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
IS - 5
ER -