Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic, Hormonal, and Inflammation Impacts

Zahra Kolahchi, Nicholas Henkel, Mahmoud A. Eladawi, Emma C. Villarreal, Prathik Kandimalla, Anna Lundh, Robert E. McCullumsmith, Elvis Cuevas

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

4 Scopus citations

Abstract

Two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer’s disease are women, indicating a profound variance between the sexes. Variances exist between the sexes in the age and intensity of the presentation, cognitive deficits, neuroinflammatory factors, structural and functional brain changes, as well as psychosocial and cultural circumstances. Herein, we summarize the existing evidence for sexual dimorphism and present the available evidence for these distinctions. Understanding these complexities is critical to developing personalized interventions for the prevention, care, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number8485
JournalInternational journal of molecular sciences
Volume25
Issue number15
DOIs
StatePublished - Aug 2024
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • neuroinflammation
  • personalized medicine
  • risk factors
  • sex differences

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Catalysis
  • Molecular Biology
  • Spectroscopy
  • Computer Science Applications
  • Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry

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