Sleep-wake disturbance: A systematic review of evidence-based interventions for management in patients with cancer

BACKGROUND: New or worsening sleep-wake disturbance (SWD) can occur throughout the cancer trajectory. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article is to critically review available empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of interventions for SWD, highlighting new evidence since the 2006 and 2009 Putting Evidence Into Practice (PEP) SWD publications. METHODS: A systematic review of studies published from 2009–2017 was conducted to identify effective interventions for cancer-related SWD. The PEP weight of evidence classification schema was used to categorize the strength of evidence. FINDINGS: Cognitive behavioral intervention/ approach is the only intervention that is recommended for practice. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and exercise interventions are likely to be effective but require more evidence. Pharmacologic interventions, relaxation, imagery, meditation, acupuncture, yoga, massage, and psychoeducation have insufficient evidence.