Targeting orexin receptors: Recent advances in the development of subtype selective or dual ligands for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

Alessandro Bonifazi, Fabio Del Bello, Gianfabio Giorgioni, Alessandro Piergentili, Elizabeth Saab, Luca Botticelli, Carlo Cifani, Emanuela Micioni Di Bonaventura, Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura, Wilma Quaglia

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

11 Scopus citations

Abstract

Orexin-A and orexin-B, also named hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are two hypothalamic neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely orexin receptor type 1 (OX1-R) and type 2 (OX2-R), which share 64% amino acid identity. Given the wide expression of OX-Rs in different central nervous system and peripheral areas and the several pathophysiological functions in which they are involved, including sleep-wake cycle regulation (mainly mediated by OX2-R), emotion, panic-like behaviors, anxiety/stress, food intake, and energy homeostasis (mainly mediated by OX1-R), both subtypes represent targets of interest for many structure–activity relationship (SAR) campaigns carried out by pharmaceutical companies and academies. However, before 2017 the research was predominantly directed towards dual-orexin ligands, and limited chemotypes were investigated. Analytical characterizations, including resolved structures for both OX1-R and OX2-R in complex with agonists and antagonists, have improved the understanding of the molecular basis of receptor recognition and are assets for medicinal chemists in the design of subtype-selective ligands. This review is focused on the medicinal chemistry aspects of small molecules acting as dual or subtype selective OX1-R/OX2-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last years, including radiolabeled OX-R ligands for molecular imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands in different neuropsychiatric diseases, such as sleep, mood, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as pain, have been discussed. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1607-1667
Number of pages61
JournalMedicinal Research Reviews
Volume43
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2023
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • dual OX-R ligands
  • neuropsychiatric disorders
  • orexin receptors
  • poly-pharmacology
  • selective agonists or antagonists

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Molecular Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Discovery

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