Vascular dysfunction induced by AGE is mediated by VEGF via mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species, guanylate cyclase, and protein kinase C

Objective: These experiments were designed to elucidate mechanisms mediating vascular dysfunction induced by advanced glycation end products (ACEs). Methods: Skin chambers were mounted on the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats and 1 week later, granulation tissue that formed in the bottom of the chamber was exposed twice daily for 7 days to glycated rat serum albumin in the presence and absence of inhibitors of reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, protein kinase C (PKC), and a neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor (VECF) antibody. Vascular ₁₂₅l-albumin clearance and blood flow were quantified by use of a double isotope-dilution technique and radiolabeled microspheres, respectively. Results: Albumin permeation and blood flow were increased dose-dependently to a maximum of 2 to 3 times controls by increasing the extent of glucose modification, the concentration, or the duration of exposure to glycated albumin. These increases were significantly attenuated by probucol and superoxide dismutase; N^G-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; LY83583, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor; and LY333531, a β-isoform-selective protein kinase C inhibitor. A neutralizing VEGF monoclonal antibody also markedly attenuated the permeability and blood flow increases induced by glycated albumin. Conclusions: These observations indicate potentially important roles for oxygen free-radicals and nitric oxide in mediating permeability and blood flow changes induced by glycated proteins via mechanisms involving increased protein kinase C activity and VEGF production. Striking similarities in the mechanism by which hyperglycemia and glycated proteins induce vascular dysfunction suggest. that a common pathway mediates effects of these different metabolic imbalances on vascular dysfunction. Microcirculation (2001) 8, 251-263.