Abstract
Background: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggested some Mexican American children are at risk of zinc deficiency. Objective: We measured the effects of zinc and micronutrients or of micronutrients alone on indexes of cell-mediated immunity and antiinflammatory plasma proteins. Design: Subjects (n = 54) aged 6-7 y were randomly assigned and treated in double-blind fashion in equal numbers with 20 mg Zn (as sulfate) and micronutrients or with micronutrients alone 5 d/wk for 10 wk. Results: Before treatment the mean ± SD plasma zinc was 14.9 ± 1.7 μmol/dL and the range was within the reference; hair zinc was 1.78 ± 0.52 μmol/g and 41.6% were ≤ 1.68 μmol/g; serum ferritin was 25.7 ± 18.6 μg/L and 50.0% were ≤20 μg/L. The zinc and micronutrients treatment increased the lymphocyte ratios of CD4+ to CD8+ and of CD4+CD45RA+ to CD4+CD45RO+, increased the ex vivo generation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), decreased the generation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and increased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-lra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1). Micronutrients alone increased the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ but not of CD4+CD45RA+ to CD4+CD45RO+, increased IFN-γ but had no effect on IL-2 or IL-10, and increased sIL-lra but not sTNF-R1. Efficacy of zinc and micronutrients was greater than micronutrients alone for all indexes except the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+, which was affected similarly. Conclusions: Before treatment, concentrations of hair zinc in 41.6% of subjects and serum ferritin in 50% were consistent with the presence of zinc deficiency. The greater efficacy of the zinc and micronutrients treatment compared with micronutrients alone supports this interpretation.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1067-1073 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| Journal | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |
| Volume | 88 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| State | Published - Oct 1 2008 |
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ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine (miscellaneous)
- Nutrition and Dietetics
Cite this
Zinc deficiency in Mexican American children : Influence of zinc and other micronutrients on T cells, cytokines, and antiinflammatory plasma proteins. / Sandstead, Harold H.; Prasad, Ananda S.; Penland, James G.; Beck, Frances W J; Kaplan, Joseph; Egger, Norman G.; Alcock, Nancy W.; Carroll, Richard; Ramanujam, V-M; Dayal, Hari H.; Rocco, Carmen D.; Ann Plotkin, Ruth; Zavaleta, Antonio N.
In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 4, 01.10.2008, p. 1067-1073.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Zinc deficiency in Mexican American children
T2 - Influence of zinc and other micronutrients on T cells, cytokines, and antiinflammatory plasma proteins
AU - Sandstead, Harold H.
AU - Prasad, Ananda S.
AU - Penland, James G.
AU - Beck, Frances W J
AU - Kaplan, Joseph
AU - Egger, Norman G.
AU - Alcock, Nancy W.
AU - Carroll, Richard
AU - Ramanujam, V-M
AU - Dayal, Hari H.
AU - Rocco, Carmen D.
AU - Ann Plotkin, Ruth
AU - Zavaleta, Antonio N.
PY - 2008/10/1
Y1 - 2008/10/1
N2 - Background: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggested some Mexican American children are at risk of zinc deficiency. Objective: We measured the effects of zinc and micronutrients or of micronutrients alone on indexes of cell-mediated immunity and antiinflammatory plasma proteins. Design: Subjects (n = 54) aged 6-7 y were randomly assigned and treated in double-blind fashion in equal numbers with 20 mg Zn (as sulfate) and micronutrients or with micronutrients alone 5 d/wk for 10 wk. Results: Before treatment the mean ± SD plasma zinc was 14.9 ± 1.7 μmol/dL and the range was within the reference; hair zinc was 1.78 ± 0.52 μmol/g and 41.6% were ≤ 1.68 μmol/g; serum ferritin was 25.7 ± 18.6 μg/L and 50.0% were ≤20 μg/L. The zinc and micronutrients treatment increased the lymphocyte ratios of CD4+ to CD8+ and of CD4+CD45RA+ to CD4+CD45RO+, increased the ex vivo generation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), decreased the generation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and increased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-lra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1). Micronutrients alone increased the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ but not of CD4+CD45RA+ to CD4+CD45RO+, increased IFN-γ but had no effect on IL-2 or IL-10, and increased sIL-lra but not sTNF-R1. Efficacy of zinc and micronutrients was greater than micronutrients alone for all indexes except the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+, which was affected similarly. Conclusions: Before treatment, concentrations of hair zinc in 41.6% of subjects and serum ferritin in 50% were consistent with the presence of zinc deficiency. The greater efficacy of the zinc and micronutrients treatment compared with micronutrients alone supports this interpretation.
AB - Background: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggested some Mexican American children are at risk of zinc deficiency. Objective: We measured the effects of zinc and micronutrients or of micronutrients alone on indexes of cell-mediated immunity and antiinflammatory plasma proteins. Design: Subjects (n = 54) aged 6-7 y were randomly assigned and treated in double-blind fashion in equal numbers with 20 mg Zn (as sulfate) and micronutrients or with micronutrients alone 5 d/wk for 10 wk. Results: Before treatment the mean ± SD plasma zinc was 14.9 ± 1.7 μmol/dL and the range was within the reference; hair zinc was 1.78 ± 0.52 μmol/g and 41.6% were ≤ 1.68 μmol/g; serum ferritin was 25.7 ± 18.6 μg/L and 50.0% were ≤20 μg/L. The zinc and micronutrients treatment increased the lymphocyte ratios of CD4+ to CD8+ and of CD4+CD45RA+ to CD4+CD45RO+, increased the ex vivo generation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), decreased the generation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and increased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-lra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1). Micronutrients alone increased the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ but not of CD4+CD45RA+ to CD4+CD45RO+, increased IFN-γ but had no effect on IL-2 or IL-10, and increased sIL-lra but not sTNF-R1. Efficacy of zinc and micronutrients was greater than micronutrients alone for all indexes except the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+, which was affected similarly. Conclusions: Before treatment, concentrations of hair zinc in 41.6% of subjects and serum ferritin in 50% were consistent with the presence of zinc deficiency. The greater efficacy of the zinc and micronutrients treatment compared with micronutrients alone supports this interpretation.
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M3 - Article
VL - 88
SP - 1067
EP - 1073
JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
IS - 4
ER -